A witness with personal knowledge must testify that the item is what it claims to be.

Using SPF, DKIM, and DMARC to prove an email came from a legitimate source, preventing spoofing.

To prevent unauthorized access, protect against identity theft, and secure data integrity. 2. Legal & Evidence Context

Showing that the message, email, or post contains information that only the alleged author would know.

Adds a second layer of security, such as a one-time password (OTP) or a push notification to a mobile device.

Documenting who had possession of the evidence to ensure it hasn't been tampered with.

Simply showing a screenshot is often insufficient; original metadata (timestamps, file properties) is required. 3. Physical & Historical Authentication