Icao Doc 8168 Vol 2 -

: Designing for traditional ground-based aids like VOR, NDB, and ILS.

: Modern criteria for GPS and area navigation, including RNP (Required Navigation Performance) and Baro-VNAV. Icao Doc 8168 Vol 2

: Specific rules for straight and turning departures, often requiring minimum climb gradients (typically 3.3%) to clear obstacles. : Designing for traditional ground-based aids like VOR,

: Protecting the transition from instrument flight to visual landing. Latest Updates Icao Doc 8168 Vol 2

Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS) - Aircraft Operations