Investigates whether the test actually triggers the mental processes it claims to measure. For instance, does a reading test require high-level inference or just simple keyword matching?.
Examines the physical and social conditions of the test (e.g., time limits, task instructions, and setting) to ensure they mirror real-world language use. Language Testing and Validation
Focuses on how well test scores relate to external measures, such as performance in a university setting or other standardized tests like IELTS or TOEFL . Investigates whether the test actually triggers the mental