A male-centered perspective that assumes female sexuality is a mirror of male sexuality. In men, orgasm is inextricably linked to ejaculation and fertilization; because of this, many scientists have incorrectly assumed it must serve a similar reproductive function in women. Key Arguments and Findings
She highlights that a large percentage of women do not regularly achieve orgasm during vaginal intercourse, a fact that adaptationist theories often fail to account for. If it were a critical reproductive adaptation, one would expect it to be more reliably linked to the act of procreation. Scientific and Social Impact The Case of the Female Orgasm - Harvard University Press The Case of the Female Orgasm: Bias in the Scie...
The central theme of Elisabeth Lloyd’s influential book, is that scientific research into female sexuality has been deeply compromised by two main types of prejudice: adaptationism and androcentrism . Core Biases Identified A male-centered perspective that assumes female sexuality is
The dogmatic assumption that every biological trait must have an evolutionary purpose—specifically, one that increases reproductive success. Lloyd contends that researchers often invent "just-so stories" to explain why female orgasm helps reproduction, even when the evidence is flimsy or contradictory. If it were a critical reproductive adaptation, one
Lloyd meticulously reviews 21 different evolutionary accounts of the female orgasm. She "knocks down" 20 of them—including the "uterine upsuck" theory—by showing they lack a solid empirical base or ignore known sexological data.
Lloyd argues that evolutionary biologists have historically approached the female orgasm with preconceived notions that have blinded them to the actual empirical data:
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