The transistor acts as an open switch. Both junctions are reverse-biased, effectively blocking collector current. To reach this state, the base voltage must fall below the threshold (roughly 0.6V0.6 cap V for silicon). 2. Core Pulse Circuit Architectures
The transistor acts as a closed switch (short circuit). Both junctions are forward-biased, and maximum current flows from the collector to the emitter. A small voltage drop (
Beyond generation, transistors refine the "quality" of pulses:
VCE(sat)cap V sub cap C cap E open paren s a t close paren end-sub ), typically 0.05V to 0.2V, remains across the terminals.